Metadiscourse features are those facets of a text, which make the organization of the text explicit, provide information about the writer's attitude toward the text content, and engage the reader in the interaction. This study interpreted metadiscourse markers in translated and non-translated persuasive texts. To this end, the researcher chose the translated versions of one of the leading newspapers in the United States, The New York Times, and the original versions of Hamshahri newspaper (an Iranian newspaper). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in second language (L2) translated and non-translated version of the opinion articles from The New York Times and Hamshahi (6 from each), found out how the translators organize their texts and how these organizations were related to the non-translated texts. Findings of the study revealed that textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers were seen in both sets of data. Regarding the occurrences of textual metadiscourse categories and subcategories, the results showed significant dif-ferences between the two groups. It was, however, found that the Iranian writers used interpersonal markers significantly more than the Iranian translators did. The results suggested that metadiscourse markers have a prominent role to help the translators of opinion articles to understand the original texts.

This paper examines cases of the translator's presence in translated narrative texts. After reviewing the literature, Hermans believes that a translated text belongs to the second voice which is always present in a translation. The paper elaborates, through some translated passages into Persian, upon three cases of a translator's presence; namely, cases where the text s orientation towards an implied reader is directly at issue; cases of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality; certain cases of contextual overdetermination. Having referred to Venuti's (in) visibility, resistance and minoritization, this paper refers to Venuti's ways of domesticating and foreignizing the translation. Finally, it mentions other ways in which a translator shows him/ herself through the translation.

Evaluation is the relation between oral and practical translation. In this field talking about general and points are numerous. Even, for different model of evaluation, the mentioned standards for good translation, sometimes are generals. Therefore, everybody can ate his opinion. This problem is serious about translated texts of Arabic to Persian and vice versa which is weak in theories, to straggle this thesis is recognized subtle and to see little standards on the basis of Sciencenethod for evaluation translated text of Arabic to Persian. So far as possible translators with supporting this method defense himself and either evaluators suggestion on the basis of translated text to withdraw using tact. On the basis of suggested model in this theses could judgment science and subtle for translated text of Arabic to Persian and result of evaluation to advance with use of quality assessment replace of quantity assessment. In this model, evaluation is contain two factors “guidance & inter-text”. On the basis of it can evaluate translated text with draw interference tact and personal opinion.

1. INTRODUCTION Linguistics and related studies have had a significant role on human sciences such as translation. Translation as an inter-disciplinary course plays an important role in transferring information and establishing relationship among individuals and nations. We can say translation is a "conscious, planned activity, performed in a controlled manner and aims at establishing communication between different cultural environments" (as cited in Sidiropoulou, 2004, p. 1). Although today translation enjoys many other tools in investigating fields of studies but still linguistics and especially critical discourse analysis (CDA) as one of the branches of linguistics has had a significant role in related studies, such as ideology and power and their covert and overt influences on many disciplines such as translation. CDA finds traces and influence of power and ideology on language, discourse, texts and syntax (Hodge & Kress, 2004, p. 134). Today, ideology is considered highly important in a wide range of academic disciplines including cultural and scientific studies, communications, linguistics, pedagogical methods and translation studies. Ideology and its effect on translation have long become a research focus in the field of translation studies. If we advocate the theories on the relationship between translation and ideology, then we would witness many cultural clashes revealing the distance between the source text and the ideological encounters it creates in the translated text. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This paper studies "verb aspects and their probable ideological implications on translation" based on Farahzad's Critical Model of Translation (2012), which enjoys a combination of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Translation Strategies and Intertextuality. The corpus of study has been taken out of the memories of three non-Iranian politicians (Benazir Bhutto, Barak Obama, and Hilary Clinton) and their translated versions. The research is a descriptive-analytical method based on comparative view. About 5404 verbs related to three non-Iranian autobiographies investigated and the "aspect shifts and their ideological implications" were studied in this research. The unit of study here is "sentence" except in the cases I need. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present paper reports the results of a study conducted with the aim of exploring the relationship between ideology and translation as well as the impact of the translator’, s own ideology and the dominant ideology on the target text. The process of translation is manipulated by ideology, from two views: the translator’, s individual ideology and the dominant ideology of the society. There is a complex interaction of two ideologies that results in the differences in the translation product as well as the necessary changes made in the process of translation through the translator’, s subjectivity. Many scholars have emphasized that the exercise of ideology is as old as the history of translation itself. According to Fawcett (1998, p. 107), "throughout the centuries, individuals and institutions applied their particular beliefs to the production of a certain effect in translation". He further claims that an ideological approach to translation can be found in some of the earliest examples of translation known to us. Nevertheless, the linguistic-oriented approach to translation studies have failed to address the concept of ideology through years of prevalence, because such approaches are limited to their scientific models for research and the empirical data they collect, so that according to Venuti (1998a), "they remain reluctant to take into account the social values and ideologies that enter into translating as well as the study of it". As Fawcett (1998, p. 107) demonstrates, "translation, simply because of its existence, has always been ideological". Schuffner (2003) mentions that ideological aspects within the text are determined at the lexical level and grammatical level. She explains: ideological aspect can [. . . ] be determined within a text itself, both at the lexical level (reflected, for example, in the deliberate choice or avoidance of a particular word [. . . ]) and the grammatical level (for example, use of passive structures to avoid an expression of agency). Ideological aspects can be more or less obvious in texts, depending on the topic of a text, its genre and communicative purposes. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed a number of aspects shifts in translation and their ideological implications, however not significant. Ideological implications in studying of these books were not the same in three books. The political background in Iran shows that these politicians enjoy different political and social perspectives from the points of view of dominant political power in Iran. 4. CONCLUSION The study showed that applying aspect shifts explore some ideological implications, consciously or unconsciously, to present Bhutto as a popular, moral and political character and person,but on the other hand, in translation of Obama's and Clinton's, the translator faces a new status in representation of happenings and events during the story. It is obvious that ideological implications resulting the aspect shifts in three translations attempt to represent a significant and special characteristic of these persons in society of Iran. The author believes that aspect shifts, almost insignificantly, represent different outlooks from some angles of political, personality and behavior of these three political faces. These viewpoints can influence on students and scholars' views towards ideological implications of translation studies.

This paper introduces ‘, translational narratology’,(TN) as an eclectic conceptual model for studying translated narrative texts. As a source-based theory, TN investigates the status of three planes of the original narratology in translation: ‘, story’, , ‘, text’, , and ‘, narration’, . In fact, as an eclectic model, TN aims to set a theoretical foundation for both the original narrative texts and their corresponding texts in translation. However, the process for the original writer and the translator is a little bit different: the writer usually begins with the elements of the ‘, story’,plane, and then comes to the elements of ‘, narration’,and ‘, text’,planes, simultaneously,the translator, as a reader, begins with the ‘, text/narration’, , and then comes to the ‘, story’,plane. The former is bottom-up,the latter is top-down. The translator may have nothing to do with the ‘, story’,plane,however, he/she may deal with this plane in the process of reading, understanding, and, preferably, translating. Some theorists postulate that the original narrative models have made no room for the presence of the translator as the main agent of the translated narrative fiction. This paper sets the theoretical scene for the translator’, s discursive presence in the translated narrative texts.

Today, translation has become a major means of communication. It plays an important role in the transfer of information and establishing relationships among individuals and nations. Translation is "a conscious, planned activity, performed in a controlled manner and aims at establishing communication between different cultural environments"(as cited in Sidiropoulou 2004, p. 1). Ideology is considered highly important in a wide range of academic disciplines including cultural studies, communications, linguistics, and translation studies. Ideology and its effect on translation have long become a research focus in the field of translation studies. If we advocate the theories on the relationship between translation and ideology, then we would witness many cultural clashes revealing the distance between the source text and the ideological encounters it creates in the translated text. Therefore, surveying different translations of the same source text from an ideological point of view can yield insightful clues as to where the differences of these translations come from. The present paper reports the results of a study conducted aiming to explore the relationship between ideology and translation as well as the impact of the translator’ s ideology and the dominant ideology on the target text. The process of translation is manipulated by ideology, which involves both the translator’ s ideology and the dominant ideology of the society. It is the complex interaction of the two ideologies that results in the difference in the translation product as well as the necessary changes made in the process of translation through the translator’ s subjectivity. Many scholars have emphasized that the exercise of ideology is as old as the history of translation itself. According to Fawcett (1998), “ throughout the centuries, individuals and institutions applied their particular beliefs to the production of a certain effect in translation” (p. 107). He further claims that an ideological approach to translation can be found in some of the earliest examples of translation known to us. Nevertheless, the linguistic-oriented approach to translation studies has failed to address the concept of ideology through years of prevalence, because such approaches are limited to their scientific models for research and the empirical data they collect, so that according to Venuti (1998a), “ they remain reluctant to take into account the social values and ideologies that enter into translating as well as the study of it” . Perez (2003) reflects the ideas of CDA scholars, where she states that all language use is ideological and as translation is carried out on language use, translation itself is a site of ideological encounters. As Fawcett (1998, p. 107) demonstrates, “ translation, simply because of its existence, have always been ideological” . Schaffner (2003) mentions that ideological aspects within the text are determined at the lexical level and grammatical level. She explains: Ideological aspect can [. . . ] be determined within a text itself, both at the lexical level (reflected, for example, in the deliberate choice or avoidance of a particular word [. . . ]) and the grammatical level (for example, use of passive structures to avoid an expression of agency). Ideological aspects can be more or less obvious in texts, depending on the topic of a text, its genre, and communicative purposes. This paper studies "verb tenses and their probable ideological implications in translation" based on Farhzad's Critical Model of Translation (2012), which uses a combination of Contrastive Discourse Analysis (CDA), Translation Strategies, and Intertextuality. The corpus of study has been taken out of the memories of two non-Iranian politicians (Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher) and their translated books. The results showed several tense shifts in translation and their ideological implications, however not significant. Ideological implications in studying these books were not the same in the two books. The political background in Iran shows that these politicians enjoy different political and social perspectives from the points of view of dominant political power in Iran. The study showed that applying tense shifts explores some ideological implications, consciously or unconsciously, to present Mandela as a popular, moral, and political character and person; but on the other hand, in a translation of Thatcher’ s, the translator faces with a new status in the representation of happenings and events during the story. The political background of Thatcher shows her unfair positioning against Iran and its authority power and consequently its unpleasant and effects in representing events and ideology in translation which is undeniable. Although the statistical outputs of the ideological implications are not significant through the study, we cannot ignore the translator’ s different strategies such as deleting a series of social and political issues through translation by removing traditional and religious customs and traditions for example in Mandela’ s translation and/or deleting some ideological sentences in Thatcher’ s. Ideological implications resulting from the tense shifts in both translations attempt to represent a significant and special characteristic of these persons in the society of Iran. The author believes that tense shifts, almost insignificantly, represent different outlooks from some angles of political, personality, and behavior of these two political faces.

This bipartite paper examines the translator's presence in the translated narrative texts through shifts as proposed by Leuven-Zwart. First, the related literature is reviewed. Then, the concept of shifts is mentioned through references to Catford and Viny and Darbelnette to Zwart. Having compared and contrasted Don Quixote's German translation, Zwart proposes two models for the analysis of both SL and TL; namely, comparative and descriptive models. The former compares the items of SL and TL from micro-structure level. Having taken transeme as the smallest meaningful unit for comparative model, Zwart finds a common field between transemes of both SL and TL that she calls it architranseme. Having both transeme and architranseme of both SL and TL in the mind, she finds a tetra relational shift: non-shift; modulation; modification and mutation. In part two, these shifts are analyzed through references to some translated literary text; Golestan, to the Lighthouse, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, among others. It is probable, as a conclusion, that any shift in the micro- structure of narrative text would have effects on the macro-structure of the translated narrative texts of which it is mentioned in descriptive model upon which it is focused later.

This bipartite paper examines the translator's presence in the translated narrative texts through shifts as proposed by Leuven-Zwart. First, the related literature is reviewed. Then, the concept of shifts is mentioned through references to Catford and Vinay and Darbelnet to Zwart. Having compared and contrasted Don Quixote s German translation, Zwart proposes two models for the analysis of both SL and TL; namely, comparative and descriptive models. The former compares the items of SL and TL from microstructure level. Having taken transeme as the smallest meaningful unit for comparative model, Zwart finds a common field between transemes of both SL and TL that she calls it architranseme. Having both transeme and architranseme of both SL and TL in the mind, she finds a tetra relational shift: non-shift; modulation; modification and mutation. In part two, these shifts are analyzed through references to some translated literary text; Golestan, to the Lighthouse, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, among others. It is probable, as a conclusion, that any shift in the micro- structure of narrative text would have effects on the macro-structure of the translated narrative texts of which it is mentioned in descriptive model upon which it is focused later.

Most academic and scientific writing is nowadays done in English and students are therefore required to read books and do assignments using this medium. The present research was aimed at a comparative study of reading comprehension of EAP original texts and their translations. As many as 50 MA students, majoring in different branches of management, were randomly selected. Out of these 50 students, 30 were asked to take an English reading comprehension test, consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions - 4 questions addressed main ideas of passages to measure global understanding and 11 measured local understanding. The rest of the students took the same reading test for the Persian translations of the same passages; they also took a Nelson test so that their homogeneity in terms of language proficiency would be ensured. The results indicated that the students tended to understand main ideas of the English texts better than those of their translations; however, as regards details, this was not true; i.e., they did not understand details of English texts better than those of Persian translations.The findings suggest that the process of transfer from SL to TL mainly affects the finding of complete equivalences for main ideas, rather than details, due to the fact that the former are higher-order propositions and usually operate at textual level.